- First Generation Computers (1940s-1950s):
- Relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry.
- Very large and expensive.
- Used punched cards for input and output.
- Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC I.
- Second Generation Computers (1950s-1960s):
- Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, resulting in smaller and more reliable computers.
- Magnetic core memory introduced, offering faster and more efficient storage.
- Batch processing operating systems developed.
- Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 7090.
- Third Generation Computers (1960s-1970s):
- Integrated circuits (ICs) replaced individual transistors, leading to smaller and more powerful computers.
- Operating systems with time-sharing capabilities emerged.
- High-level programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL were developed.
- Examples: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-11.
- Fourth Generation Computers (1970s-1980s):
- Introduction of microprocessors, combining multiple integrated circuits on a single chip.
- Personal computers (PCs) became available, revolutionizing computing for individuals.
- Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and networking technologies emerged.
- Examples: Apple II, IBM PC, Commodore 64.
- Fifth Generation Computers (1980s-Present):
- Advancements in parallel processing, artificial intelligence, and expert systems.
- Introduction of Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architecture.
- Growth of personal computers and the internet.
- Examples: IBM Watson, Deep Blue, modern smartphones and tablets.
Note: The term “generation” is not strictly defined, and different sources may classify computers differently. The above list provides a general overview of computer generations, but it’s important to note that advancements in computer technology are continuous and ongoing.